Effect of Marijuana on PTSD Patient Stress Levels

Effect of Marijuana on PTSD Patient Stress Levels Does marijuana decrease stress levels in patients with PTSD? Marijuana and the topic of its effects and whether it should be legalized or not is a popular controversy. Advocates for legalization claim that there are multiple benefits for medical cannabis use, such as treating PTSD patients to reduce their symptom severity and many others. With growing interest in marijuana and its benefits across the world, more knowledge on its composition and effects are vital to ensure that misuse doesn’t become dangerous. Multiple studies have been done on the topic of the correlation between marijuana use and PTSD symptom severity. With varying results, there is significant evidence supporting both sides of the argument. This encourages the fact that more studies need to be conducted to gain a more definitive answer. However, it is evident that marijuana may reduce stress levels in patients with PTSD. Two studies on the effects of cannabinoids on the brain on the consolidation of a traumatic event show that marijuana can be used as a sort of therapy. One of the studies discussed tested the specific cannabinoid and glucocorticoid receptors and their reactions in the amygdala and hippocampus. The other studied the effects of enhancing endocannabinoid signaling and blocking corticotrophin releasing receptor in the amygdala and hippocampus. Both these studies were very specific and had positive results. The findings of the first study suggested that the basolateral amygdala is an area of action of cannabinoids and glucocorticoids in moderating consolidation of traumatic memory in a rat model with PTSD.1 The findings also showed the specific receptors that are activated and deactivated in the amygdala and hippocampus when being treated with cannabinoids for PTSD. The findings of the second article also suggested that enhancing endocannabinoid signaling in the amygdala and hippocampus produced a favorable spectrum of effects. Marijuana dependence is shown to moderate the effect of PTSD on trauma reactivity in substance dependent patients. One of the studies explored the role of marijuana dependence in the relationship between PTSD and subjective and biological emotional reactivity in response to a stressful situation. The findings of the study showed that patients with PTSD who were also marijuana dependent may experience changes in their emotional processing in response to said stressful situations.2 This dampens their emotional reactivity in order for them to not have triggering symptoms. Studies show that with moderate amounts on a regular basis, PTSD symptoms in patients were reduced. One such study explored the moderating role of the tendency to engage in strategies to reduce unpleasant personal experiences in the PTSD–cannabis dependence relationship. This study was conducted among a sample of patients with PTSD in residential substance abuse treatment. Another study reported and statistically analyzed psychometric data on PTSD symptoms. Both of these studies showed evidence for marijuana reducing PTSD symptoms. The studies showed that they are consistent with evidence that marijuana use may serve an avoidant role among individuals with PTSD3 and that cannabis is associated with drops in PTSD symptom severity in some patients.4 Both the studies had positive findings that supported the affirmative side of this argument, but also stated that more experiments and studies are crucial for a more definite and well-rounded answer. Some studies show that PTSD patients who use marijuana with expectations regarding their symptoms decreasing experienced no relief, or their symptoms worsened. One study surveyed over 650 male combat veterans who used marijuana to treat their symptoms. These studies not only discuss the dangers of developing a substance use disorder, but the issue of the patients then resorting to other dangerous and potentially harmful drugs to alleviate their disorder. The results of this study showed combat-exposed veterans who use cannabis appear to use more as the magnitude of their PTSD symptoms and the expectations of cannabis-induced relief of those symptoms increase.5 Not only did marijuana consumption not help them, but their symptoms got worse and in turn, their drug intake also got heavier. Veterans reported expecting marijuana-related improvement of all types of symptoms, but significantly more relief from symptoms of intrusion than hyperarousal, followed by avoidance and then numbing.5 Another study also showed that starters and continuing users of marijuana had significantly higher measures of PTSD symptom severity at follow-up tests compared to patients that have either never used marijuana or have stopped. Marijuana consumers also showed significantly higher measures of violent behavior at follow-up than all other groups.6 Some studies also show that treating PTSD with marijuana while having substance use disorders (SUD) and/or cannabis use disorder (CUD) is ineffective. One study conducted a test on the effects of cannabis on patients with PTSD as well as SUDs. Another study did a CUD diagnosis and observed changes in PTSD symptoms over time after discontinuation. This study claimed to present the first evidence of a potential relationship between problematic cannabis use and PTSD symptoms. This indicated that individuals with a CUD are likely to experience lower levels of change in PTSD symptoms over time.7 Some studies show that patients aren’t benefitted nor harmed by marijuana treatments. However, if the patient continues using marijuana to a point where they develop a CUD, then they will also experience lower or no levels of change in the severity of their symptoms. One of the studies stated that there were no significant positive nor negative associations between cannabis use and end-of-treatment PTSD symptom severity.8 These results support the argument that there are no effects to marijuana treatments. This study also stated that cannabis use was not linked to symptom outcomes at end-of-treatment across participants.8 This again shows that there was no correlation between cannabis use and positive nor negative symptom progress. There is significant evidence for both sides of this argument. Studies show that cannabinoids block certain receptors and dampens emotional reactivity, which in turn, lessens the severity of PTSD symptoms. More studies show that many patients are benefitted by marijuana treatments and they report significant decreases in their stress and anxiety levels. However, some studies also show that cannabis treatments can worsen symptoms. As the patient’s symptoms worsen, their intake is increased until they develop a cannabis-use-disorder (CUD). Studies show that patients with CUDs experience lower levels of change in their symptoms, or don’t experience any changes at all. Some others also state that there is actually no benefit, nor harm as cannabis is not directly correlated with PTSD symptoms at all. However, like all medication, certain individuals experience different effects at different levels since no one is the same. These results clearly show that different people can either benefit from marijuana, develop worse symptoms, or not have any effects at all. Taking into consideration all the factors and study results, more research, experiments and studies need to be conducted to achieve a more thorough answer. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shoshan, N. & Akirav, I. The effects of cannabinoid receptors activation and glucocorticoid receptors deactivation in the amygdala and hippocampus on the consolidation of a traumatic event. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 144, 248–258 (2017). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aisenberg, N., Serova, L., Sabban, E. L. & Akirav, I. The effects of enhancing endocannabinoid signaling and blocking corticotrophin releasing factor receptor in the amygdala and hippocampus on the consolidation of a stressful event. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 27, 913–927 (2017). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bordieri, M. J., Tull, M. T., McDermott, M. J. & Gratz, K. L. The moderating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and cannabis dependence. J. Context. Behav. Sci. 3, 273–278 (2014). 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Greer, G. R., Grob, C. S. & Halberstadt, A. L. PTSD Symptom Reports of Patients Evaluated for the New Mexico Medical Cannabis Program. J. Psychoactive Drugs 46, 73–77 (2014). 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Earleywine, M. & Bolles, J. R. Marijuana, Expectancies, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms: A Preliminary Investigation. J. Psychoactive Drugs 46, 171–177 (2014). 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wilkinson, S. T., Stefanovics, E. & Rosenheck, R. A. Marijuana use is associated with worse outcomes in symptom severity and violent behavior in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 76, 1174–1180 (2015). 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bonn-Miller, M. O., Boden, M. T., Vujanovic, A. A. & Drescher, K. D. Prospective investigation of the impact of cannabis use disorders on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans in residential treatment. Psychol. Trauma Theory, Res. Pract. Policy 5, 193–200 (2013). 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ruglass, L. et al. Impact of Cannabis Use on Treatment Outcomes among Adults Receiving Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for PTSD and Substance Use Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 6, 14 (2017). 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   by MJG,   compiled. Hemp History Timeline on RediscoverHemp.com. RediscoverHemp 7 (2015). Topic Justification: I selected my topic for a variety of reasons. I strongly believe that marijuana could be a revolutionary drug with multiple medical benefits if more thorough research and experiments are conducted. As someone with a passion for helping people medically, I envision the advantages humankind can extract from the beneficial components of the drug. Starting from the treatments done on PTSD patients, I believe that more enlightenment on the drug could help us to understand it better and hopefully cater it to heal multiple diseases and conditions. Marijuana has been used for centuries as a herbal remedy throughout the world. In fact, the earliest use of marijuana and hemp dates back to 4000 B.C, where it was used in ancient China and Chinese-occupied Turkestan9. With no recorded deaths resulting from overdoses (ever) in history, the fact that marijuana is classified at the highest drug classification alongside harsh drugs like cocaine and heroin seems astounding. This also significantly limits the amount of legal research and experiments that can be conducted. I believe that starting off with PTSD patients, as more recognition is received to marijuana as a medical drug rather than a â€Å"dangerous illicit substance†, the benefits can be thoroughly explored and new medical breakthroughs can be achieved.

Exxon Mobil Essay

Company Description Exxon mobile also know as Xom in the New York Stock Exchange is on of the largest producers of fossil fuels. Exxon engages in oil and gas exploration, production, supply, transportation and marketing in a global economy (Bloomberg). They hold over 13 billion barrels of oil in reserve. Exxon also has thirty eight refineries spread over 21 countries (Annual Report). The company also has a thought put capacity of 6. 3 million barrels of oil daily. Target MarketExxon has a huge target market in today’s economy. They not only provide to anyone driving a commercial motor vehicle but also to larger wholesalers. These wholesalers consist of smaller independent gas and service stations that do not have their own refineries. Xom also provides six hundred airports and two hundred seaports with fuel (Annual Report). These two markets consume a tremendous amount of fuel each year. This is a niche market for Xom because these airports and seaports can not use alternative energy in their endeavors. CompetitionAlthough Exxon is the largest fossil fuel producer they do have some competition with British Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron. These companies’s do not have the same output as Xom, but some might say they are ahead in many ways. British petroleum (BP) has been doing a lot with alternative energy for the future unlike Exxon which has mainly focused on gasoline. Shell has also made some large landmarks in alternative energy like the use of sugar cane for fuels (Bloomberg). Competitive AdvantagesExxon Mobile conducts oil and gasoline exploration in every major accessible area in the world (Integrated Solutions). They also have the largest amount of financial capital for new research and exploration. Exxon is also the largest publically traded energy company in the world and serves over two hundred countries (Annual Report). They also have discipline and consistency which means that they continue to grow in the areas they feel necessary while holding back in others like alternative energy. Current ChallengesOne of the biggest challenges that Exxon faces is the huge increase in energy by new developing nations. By 2030 there is an estimated forty percent increase in energy. This poses a problem because Xom must learn to boost efficiency, develop new supplies while still managing environmental risks. That is the next challenge that they face managing environmental risks like mitigating global co2 emissions. They have started to face this problem already by investing in CO2Remove project. This project is set to develop ways to lower co2 emission and create new guidelines for the industry (Integrated Solutions). Exxon also faces challenges with alternative energy like wind power, ethanol and solar power. The last challenge is with nuclear power and its high cost particularly in the U. S. In the U. S the cost of nuclear energy highly exceeds the cost of coal and gas. There is also the problem of how to properly dispose of radioactive waste and safe control of nuclear material. Exxon also is having trouble opening new facilities because no one wants nuclear plants near them. Part II Exxon Mobil is the world’s largest publicly traded international oil and gas company, providing energy that helps underpin growing economies and improve living standards around the world. To be successful, ExxonMobil must be at the leading edge of competition in every aspect of our business. This requires that the Corporation’s substantial resources, including financial, operational, technological, and human, be employed wisely and evaluated regularly. The success of the company depends mainly on customer satisfaction. For this reason, it is good for a company like Exxon Mobil to have solid mission and vision statements to act as a guideline for the sales and services to be implemented by the company. The mission statement and vision statement are as follows: Mission Statement Exxon Mobil Corporation is committed to being the world’s premier petroleum and petrochemical company. To that end, we must continuously achieve superior financial and operating results while adhering to the highest standards of business conduct. These unwavering expectations provide the foundation for our commitments to those with whom we interact (Annual Report). Vision Statement -providing reliable, affordable energy supplies in a reasonable manner. -safely and reliably producing oil, natural gas, and hydrocarbon -finding and developing new supplies and products to bring to the market – maximizing resource and asset value -improving energy efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts -developing the next generation of scientists and engineers Strengths: The size of the Corporation is the most obvious strength for Exxon Mobil. Exxon Mobil is affiliated with over 200 countries and territories (Annual Report). There are 6. 1 billion shares and over 2. 5 million shareholders. Another strength of the company is the diverse workforce that allows them to achieve superior results. Exxon Mobil benefits from the cultural differences, knowledge, and skills of our employees who represent the diverse communities of the world. Weaknesses: There were three employee fatalities and five contractor fatalities since 2005. However, the company has learned from these incidents and is working hard at preventing such incidents in the future. Also, replacing the oil that is extracted from the locations is another weakness. They also face the challenge of continuing their pace of significant energy efficiency improvements year after year. Opportunities: ExxonMobil has a list of significant Arctic opportunities, with ongoing studies spanning the range of exploration, project assessment and planning, and technology development. We recognize that energy is vital to economic progress. Exxon Mobil is drilling in some of these areas, which helps boost their economy. Other such opportunities include the Canadian Beaufort Sea, West Greenland, and the Orphan Basin. Threats: Threats to Exxon Mobil include drilling restrictions, other independent companies, global warming. Managing the risks from increases in global greenhouse gas emissions is an important concern for ExxonMobil, industry and governments around the world. Exxon Mobil is living up to its vision and mission. They are the premiere gas and oil supplier of the world and do so while staying energy efficient and have very high standards of the functions of business. The company reaches out to its customers and strives to be as helpful and satisfying as possible. They are reliable and for the most part affordable. They continue to develop next generation technology and scientific practices. The company grows stronger each year. Part III Financial AnalysisThe financial analysis for Exxon Mobil Corporation seems to be in very strong financial position overall and when compared to the competition. The revenue for 2007 was reported at 404,552,000 with a net income of 40,610. When compared to BP, Shell, and Marathon it seems to dominate the market and the competition by a gross margin of 20. 8%, which was at least 5% above the nearest competitor and closest to the industry average of 25%. Exxon Mobil’s current ratio was 1. and was highest of the competition. The industry average is 1. 2, the higher the ratio number, and the better the ability to repay current loans. The debt to equity ratio of . 08 is considered extremely low and looked at as being very safe, and was the lowest of the competition. With such a strong performing company and profits come strong earnings, at $7. 35 per share earnings was one of the highest of the industry. Company comparisonWhen Exxon Mobil is compared to the competition it seems to be out performing the rest of the industry and is proven with the financial statements and ratios. This is definitely a great long term company to invest in, when compared to the competition in this industry. Part IV Strategy to Competitive Advantage- As global warming increases Exxon needs to go green. One strategy they need to have is a renewable energy producer, such as electricity from a carbon emitting utility. There are tons of opportunities to gain a competitive advantage by understanding the carbon constraints. First, Exxon needs to minimize the additional costs more effectively than competitors. Second, differentiate their product by binding carbon credits into their offering. Then, Exxon needs to turn their capacity to supply carbon credits into a profit centre (Energy-Edge). Expand or Reduce Operations- Exxon is ramping up its oil exploration and drilling, and even worse, is looking to expand its leadership in exploiting Canada’s tar sands. They need to stop expanding and start reducing its operations. An expansion is increasing production capacity by 40 percent. But, the mining and processing of tar sands is highly destructive to the local environment and is an enormous generator of greenhouse gas emissions (Coop America). New Products or Services- Exxon has launched a new service called the fleet card program. The program offers a number of valuable features including: greater control over driver’s expenses, money-saving rebates on fuel purchases, special discounts on business-related products and services, innovative technology and the convenience of more than 16,000 Exxon and Mobil branded locations nationwide (All Business). Environmental Factors that Influence the Operation- The main environment factor is the climate change on the business from greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions. Exxon Mobile needs to view â€Å"carbon exposure† as more than just a key factor in future corporate competitiveness (Energy-edge). They need to use their profit money towards renewable energy research and development, to break individuals’ oil addiction and create a secure and green energy future for the US. (Coop America) Work at or Investing in Exxon- People should invest rather than work at Exxon Mobile. One reason is that Exxon is ranked number two in the Fortune 500. The world’s energy need, will increase in the near future. Growth in developing countries will drive most of this increase, but energy demand is expected to increase in the United States, too. (ExxonMobil) Exxon spends about $80billion to invest in future energy development.

Biography of Caroll Lewis

Lewis Caroll had his birth at Daresbury in 27th January of 1832. His death was at Guildford on the January 14th 1898. Down his history as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, he had been presented among the most prominent persons in the Victorian literature. The question of literate development by Caroll remains unquestionable remains highly volatile. The next question is, was Lewis Caroll a brilliant literate? What epochs did his life went through? He is characterized of various similarities to that of Gerald Hopkins who came later after him.To both the Caroll and Hopkins, their fantasies and poems respectively had their conception allied to the great Victorian era which was compounded by many clergy-men who portrayed broad status of academic, religious, ascetic and restricted livelihoods. Both the works of Caroll and Hopkins had fascinating words. Their writings were influenced by the artistic tools and approach they broadly used which was a broad compound of painstaking amateur of draughts m en which led to great audience preoccupations.However, the work of Caroll never got any public knowledge during his life time only until his death where great praises marred his artistic conceptions. (Knowles, Kirstein, 1996, 86) Due to the crafty audience environment, Caroll had pseudonym as his basic refuge. However, until his death, Caroll never got any fame where his original poems remained still unpublished at the epoch of his death. The same publish came only after years till his death.(David, Janel, 2002, 78) Until his death, the Victorian had a revolution which brought diversity in the religious and personal view autonomy which were engineered by the great test as well as the artistic character of the two fallen rhetorical heroes. Accordingly, the poetry work by Hopkins was made for the adults while the fantastic titles by Caroll were made to capture the children. However, his rhetorical life was dominated by nostalgia but his character stood as complexity and originality wi th a great variance in interest which was a basic tool for off-setting state of recurrent melancholy.Caroll grew by instinction to been a graphic as well as visual artist and could not abandon his will for drawing with regular visits to artillery exhibits as well as artistic studies. However, Caroll paused to photography on realizing that he presumably lacked professionalism in art. Historically, he became a proactive children photographer. Till his pseudonym, he derived transposition of his names which included his first name Charles Lutwidge then Ruskin, George, Holman Hunt, Tennyson, MacDonald and others. He sparred across interests in medicine, photography, art, literature and religion.He even became a deacon at twenty-nine in England. He viewed the broad aspect of life as a big puzzle. This compelled his character of even solving puzzles in logics and mathematics perhaps a descent preoccupation than any other achievement. He achieved a great success in mathematics which is beli eved as a basic element in preserving his literacy achievement in literature. According to historical analysts, his divine tool of logics and also mathematics was unpopular for anyone like him who compelled such great humor, loved children, an artist and a lover of language.(David, Janel, 2002, 68) However, his bright fantastic glow was provided by the support of science as well as his analytical mind. These two paradoxes went through shaping above the refinement until forming an inimitable crystal of rhetoric. During his mathematical lectures in 1855 at the Christ church, his character provided lack of communicating abilities for a mass class. This provided un-inspiration and also dullness in the due process of giving lectures. This provided development that his fatal contribution to Oxford would only be in publications and the research areas.Here, he consistently made contributions in mathematics and also logics. Historically, the books and articles by Caroll provided profound enj oyment and knowledge to the people. However after his death, a spontaneous period of slackened public interest came in. His broad audience submerged this in a sphere doubt. At the outbreak of the first word war in 1914, many readers were now turning back to Caroll’s work. This led to booming sales of Caroll’s editions until 1928 where maximum sales were reached. Greatly, ‘Alice Adventure in Wonderland’ attracted many buyers which included 15400 pounds by Dr.Rosenbach for its original manuscript at Sotheby. In 1948. This manuscript was finally brought in British Museum after a series of sales between people. However, this entitlement at British Museum was only a sign of appreciation for the long trailing Great Britain’s contribution in the Second World War. . (Weldon, 1987, 93) Historically, the manuscript embraced great respect above various tributes in passive memory of Caroll in the memory of Caroll’s birthdays. Such respect played an impor tant role in providing him an unequivocal place among the excellent persons. Since then, many scholars and journalists have respectively quoted his work.Elsewhere, his long enduring character is a mythological drive and folklore to many nations. To many Englishmen, two of his works, ‘Ugly Duchess’ and also ‘The Mad Hatter’ have become indispensable. (http://www. insite. com. br/rodrigo/text/lewis_carroll. html) According to personal commendations by his audience, Lewis Caroll exemplified un-piestic status of childhood handling which was in a new form. Across the glance by readers, they have characterized his work as moralizing and edifying found with fantasy, which was roadmap for witnessing the virtues allied to innocence.He portrayed his work to be a plane of unified use of common sense for all which was strengthened by the broad array in patronage of divine dignity as well as coverage to the children. (Shimpley, 1931, 68) Above writing for children, Caro ll published various books on mathematics and also logics. Through such publications, many scholars described him as vigilant of split personality which compounded pedantic mathematician as well as a prim literate. However, this was a pseudonym refuge in which he only wanted to deliver out his creativity in fanciful manner.However, this publications were cited as a concrete description of his spearheaded sense of been a Victorian don. However, a comparative analogy in the outlook provided by the, ‘The Young Vistors’ as well as the ‘Alice in Wonderland’ provide Caroll with a full contemplation of innocence which seems to be drawn away by the fatal accusations by many of his readers. (Esther, Day, 2004, 124) Caroll got his descent from two families from North Country in Daresbury. He inherited Dodgsons which was a tradition behind church services well as Lutwidges which was state service tradition.His father was called Charles Dodgson. Therefore from the spat iality of these two descents, Caroll developed his gentle character. Therefore, the parental fantasies in which he got his upbringing played a significant role in his broad rhetorical mobility. According to the Alice in Wonderland, Caroll did sending of a lizard down from a chimney as well as putting the Dormouse to a teapot. This was a clear refinement of his nonsense to a highly advocating and sensitive art. In the article, the element allied to ruthlessness was conspicuously brought out which perhaps had its inherit from the father.Elsewhere, since his childhood, Caroll life depicted a parallel life. In 1843, his family moved to the Croft Rectory in Darlington. At his new family setup, Caroll became a controversial entertainer to his family members with games, poems as well as stories. Also, he made humorous drawings and illustrated magazines. Historically, one of his childhood poetry at thirteen years contained various anticipations of mouse tail in the Alice as well as Humpty D umpty. (Esther, Day, 2004, 127) In his writing, Caroll had a long perceived and subconscious intention of escaping into Wonderland.However, he was handicapped by stammer but was since then an active and a happy child. In his early childhood work when twelve years, experts have stood to acknowledge the sigh of outstanding sense of maturity, sensitivity as a well as tenderness. At his youthful development, Caroll was however disturbed by fundamental conceptions. He had a premature advancement and was a victim of proportionality at his adolescence. However, at age of twenty-one years, Caroll stood to been a good writer after graduating from Oxford. (http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index.htm) However in 1865, Caroll published Alice Adventure in Wonderland which was an unexpected artistic inspiration. Since this advancement in 1865, Caroll went across to a cutting age of revolution in the world of literature by writing many articles such as magazines, man uscripts and books. He also composed many humiliating poems. This included the Rectory Umbrella, Through the Looking-Glass, Mischmash, above others. He developed an outstanding prologue into writing which attracted many people. His name was praised before getting a diverse attraction to speak to people in the theatres.During the rhetorical revolution in his life, Caroll was in an establishment of raconteur character-hood as well as been a humorous freelance journalist in which he appeared in Whitby Gazette. This time was an important time in which he began speculating is literature to the society providing attractive impressions through whimsical intimations. This was however a long trailing character since his childhood. (Shimpley, 1931, 98) At the age of twenty-three in 1855, he used an attractive package of rhetorical knowledge in writing a poem which has even hit the current state of literature.Currently, this poem (four stanza’s) has been preoccupied in the poem ‘J abber- Wocky’ by the Roger Landyn. In 1856, he channeled his efforts in writing, ‘ The Train’ which was a noble poem which even attracted a great audience support. From his writing in ‘Alice in Wonderland’, Caroll got the stepping-stone for a wide support for fantasy and also experience which invited him to exploiting widely the field of literature. Since then, Caroll’s work has been bound into volumes of books and manuscript productions. His work also comprehends of many romantic poems.However across the board, Caroll’s poetry and literature work was pointed to the young children who got a lot of glamour and influence from the highly attractive and convincing sense of audience attraction. However, his attribute of love for adult audience is not fully glamoured. However, some respondents provide that he was once drawn to this phenomenon such as Hellen Terry. Indeed, to a personal conception, Caroll never revealed his love for such adult audience and was always rebuked to any sense of attraction to such audience.Since his childhood, Caroll took refuge of women from anticipating the young girls which provided a passive compensation from the lure of women friendship. Though these were little children, he made to escape the desire for sex. He intimately secured intimate satisfaction from such an association with the young children. (Shimpley, 1931, 57) According to rhetorical history, Lewis Caroll carried down work of art at such a point which is presumably highest in the industry of art. They describe his work as the most touching perhaps beyond any other artistic work.Either, the work of Edward Lear has also been pinpointed to exactly compound the great threshold of conviction which was brought by Caroll. Wonder has continued to strike the thoughts of people whether it was by accident that the two produced the most attractive work despite them been Englishmen. According to the views of rhetorical analysts, foreign E nglish explores should only explore the sense of humor and English character-hood provided by the efforts of Lewis Caroll immediately after that of Shakespeare.Due to the great sigh of humor compounding his work, great interpretations of his publications have attracted a conventional accord in the word for the last thirty years. (http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index. htm) Basically, the crucial precepts of his nonsense writing were a tool for attracting the children audience. In the ‘Alice in Wonderland’, he subjectively used drawings to passively ignite a feeling of attraction for the young children who would consistently be attracted to the piece of drawing within the book.From its autobiography, Alice in Wonderland was evident of parochial illusions which was a method to attract at a greater capacity the will of the children. At any immediate read out to the ‘Alice in Wonderland’, the first impression is an illusion that brings attraction to them. This is through the rhetorical fantasy in which he has used as a tool of theme control in his works. Generally, the prototyped figures of turtles, the giants, caterpillars and other basic jokes are only made to provide him with an elaborated gesture of attraction to the children.(Weldon, 1987, 78) His artistic work is a compound of great concealment which has also limpid prose that is uniquely understood by ease to the children. His work is a tool for entertainment and subconsciously create room for knowledge support to the young growing children. Evident from his work, the children are highly attracted and motivated in internalizing and reading his work. This is through his fundamental arrangement of articles to provide understandability and importance of the global arrangement of the words in books and manuscripts.Summarily therefore, a lot of attribute can be internalized to the efforts of Caroll to building coherent artistic tool as a basis of develop ing knowledge in the early days of knowledge search. He is remarkably echoed as a strong icon in providing support for the provision of entertainment and the intend of knowledge buildup. Work cited A Biography of Lewis Caroll. Reteived on 11th March 2007 fom http://www. ourcivilisation. com/smartboard/shop/hudsond/carroll/index. htm David Loewenstein & Janel Mueller. The Cambridge History of early Modern English Literature.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002 Eisner Elliot & Day Michael. Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence and Erlbaum Associates, 2004 Knowles, M & Kirstein M. Language and Control in Children Literature. London, Routledge, 1996 Lewis Caroll Biography. Reteived on 11th March 2007 fom, http://www. insite. com. br/rodrigo/text/lewis_carroll. html Shipley Joseph. The Quest for Literature: A survey of Literacy Criticism and the Theories of the Literacy Forms. Richard Smith, 1931 Weldon Durham. American Theatre Companies, 1888-193

Definition and Examples of Target Domain in Metaphor

In a conceptual metaphor, the target domain is the  quality or experience described by or identified with  the source domain. Also known as the  image recipient. In Introducing Metaphor (2006), Knowles and Moon note that conceptual metaphors equate two concept areas, as in ARGUMENT IS WAR. The term source domain is used for the concept area from which the metaphor is drawn: here, WAR. Target domain is used for the concept area to which the metaphor is applied: here, ARGUMENT. The terms target and source were introduced by George  Lakoff and Mark Johnson  in Metaphors We Live By (1980).  Although the more traditional terms tenor and vehicle (I.A. Richards, 1936)  are roughly equivalent to target domain and source domain, respectively, the traditional terms fail to emphasize the interaction between the two domains.  Ã‚  As  William P. Brown points out, The  terms target domain and source domain  not only acknowledge a certain parity of import between the metaphor and its referent but they also illustrate more precisely the dynamic that occurs when something is referenced metaphorically—a superimposing or unilateral mapping of one domain on another (Psalms, 2010). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Cognitive LinguisticsConceptual BlendingConceptual DomainMetaphorical ClusterTenorWhat Is a Metaphor? Examples and Observations The Two Domains The two domains that participate in conceptual metaphor have special names. The conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain. Thus, life, arguments, love, theory,  ideas, social organizations, and others are target domains, while journeys, war, buildings, food, plants, and others are source domains. The target domain is the domain we try to understand through the use of the source domain. —Zoltan Kovecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2001   ​Target and Source Domains in LOVE IS A JOURNEY Metaphorical concepts fulfill all their functions . . . through a network of metaphorical expressions. . . . [T]ake the following example: Conceptual metaphor:LOVE IS A JOURNEYMetaphorical expressions:this relationship is foundering,we are going nowhere,this relationship is a dead-end street,we are at a crossroads, etc. . . . Metaphors connect two conceptual domains: the target domain and the source domain. In the course of metaphorical processes the source domain corresponds to the target domain; in other words, there is a mapping or a projection between the source domain and the target domain. The target domain X is understood in terms of the source domain Y. For example, in the case of the metaphorical concept mentioned above, LOVE is the target domain whereas JOURNEY is the source domain. Whenever JOURNEY is mapped onto LOVE, the two domains correspond to each other in a way which enables us to interpret LOVE as a JOURNEY. —Andrà ¡s Kertà ©sz, Cognitive Semantics and Scientific Knowledge. John Benjamins, 2004Mappings -  The term mapping  comes from the nomenclature of mathematics. Its application in metaphor research basically means that features from a  source domain (e.g. OBJECTS) are mapped onto a target domain (e.g. IDEAS). The term metaphorical expression refers to the surface realization of such a cross-domain mapping which is virtually what the term metaphor used to refer to (Lakoff 1993:203).(Markus Tendahl, A Hybrid Theory of Metaphor. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is possible for two different parts of a sentence to make use of two distinct metaphorical mappings at once. Consider a phrase like, within the coming weeks. Here, within makes use of the metaphor of time as a stationary landscape which has extension and bounded regions, whereas coming makes use of the metaphor of times as moving objects. This is possible because the two metaphors for time pick out different aspects of the target domain.(George Lakoff, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, Metaphor and Thought, ed. by A. Ortony. Cambridge University  Press, 1993)